Valerie Rodriguez Chapter#2 1)Aristotle divided motion into 2 main classes(natural motion and violent motion) 2)Natural motion can be either straight up or straight down) 3)Violent motion results from pushing or pulling forces 4)Aristotle taught that all motions are due to the nature of the moving object 5)The absence of a force of a moving object will continue moving 6)The Property of objects to resist changes is inertia 7)If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its speed 8)A force is to either push or pull an object 9)A force can be electrical, magnetic, or a muscular effort 10)Net force is when more than a single force acts on an object
Chapter 2 1. two objects with different weights fall at the same speed 2. law of inertia by Newton 3. there are two types of motion classes 4. if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string breaks 5. if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break 6. there are two types of forces (force and net force) 8. Newton was born premature 9. gravity and support are what make up equilibrium 10. there is friction in the equilibrium of moving things
Chapter 3: 1. speed can be measured in many ways 2. if you sit on a chair your speed is 0 relative to Earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun 3. speed is a scalar quantity 4. an object in free fall gains speed at 10 m/s 5. a feather and another object will fall at the same speed if there is no gravity 6. free fall is only under the influence of gravity 7. an airborne jumper is always in the air for less than a second 8. roller coasters have change of speed and or direction due to acceleration 9. in rapid deceleration the body will go forward 10. if you stay at a constant speed it's like as if you're moving
1. Aristotle believed that physics revolved around the concepts of the four elements: earth, air, fire, water. Different rules would be applied to objects of different elemental composition.
2. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, theorized that the Earth revolved around the Sun. This contradicted the Church for many years but his idea was eventually accepted, well after his death.
3. Galileo Galilei, a scientist of the early seventeenth century, demolished Aristotle's falling-body hypothesis. Except for the small effect of air resistance, he found that objects of various heights, which released at the same time, fell together and hit the ground at the same time.
4. Galeleo stated that if there is no interference with a moving object, it will keep moving in a line forever.
5. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion.
6. Newton's first law is called the law of inertia. It states that every object continues in its state of rest of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
7. Net force is the combination of all forces that act on an object.
8. When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium.
9. A force due to gravity is the weight of an object.
10. The equilibrium rule states that for any object or system of objects in equilibrium, the sum of the forces acting equals zero. This means that the object is usually at rest.
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Ten Interesting Facts - Chapter 3
1. Speed is how fast something moves; the distance traveled per unit of volume
2. Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion.
3. a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction is the vector quantity.
4. The rate at which velocity changes with time is called acceleration. The change in velocity may be in magnitude, or direction, or both.
5. Free fall is motion under the sole influence of gravity and no other force.
6. A feather and a coin fall at equal accelerations in a vacuum. Since a vacuum has no air, there is no air resistance.
7. The weight of an object has no effect on how fast an object falls due to gravity.
8. Galileo developed the concept of acceleration in his experiments on inclined planes. He discovered that when the air resistance is small enough to be neglected, all objects fall with the same unchanging acceleration.
9. Motion is relative. This means that even if an object appears to be at rest, it is not always at rest. For example, the Earth moves about 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the Sun.
10. Instantaneous speed is the sped at any instant of motion. Average speed is defined as the total distance covered per time interval.
Chapter#3 Valerie Rodriguez 1)Everything moves even things that appear to be at rest 2)Constant speed means steady speed 3)Constant velocity means both constant speed and constant direction 4)Acceleration applies to decreases and increases in velocity 5)when direction doesn't change, acceleration may be expressed as the rate at which speed changes 6)Many objects fall with unequal observations 7)Air resistance is responsible for different accelerations 8)vector quantity has both magnitude and direction 9)Free fall is motion under the influence of gravity(only) 10)Speed is how fast something moves(the distance traveled per unit of time
Johnny Barrera Chapters two and three. Chapter one 1. Aristole divided motion into two main classes, natural motion and violent motion. 2. Wind imposes motion on boats. 3. In the renaissance time they thought that earth didnt move. 4. Copernicus had a theory that the earth does move. 5. A object that is twice as heavier does not hit the ground faster then the one with a normal weight, they hit at the same time. 6. When its less friction the more the object contains the same speed. 7. An object contains to do whatever its doing unless a force is brought out onto it. 8. Tension decreases as you get closer and closer. 9. Mechanical equilibrium is when something is in zero. 10. When stepping on a scale two forces act upon it, one is you pushing downward on the scale and the other is upward support the force of the floor. Chapter three 1. A feather and car would fall at the same speed if there was no gravity. 2. Everything moves even if it appears to look at rest its still moving. 3. The average speed is equal to the total distance covered over the time interval. 4. Things fall because of the force of gravity. 5. An object falling from a high distance gets faster by ever second its in the air. 6. Acceleration is equal to the change of velocity over the time interval. 7. Something with a constant speed does not speed up or slow down. 8. If the steady speed of something is changed or turned the velocity changes. 9. Speed is equal to distance over the time. 10. Velocity acquired is equal to acceleration multiplied by the time.
-Aristotle (Greek philosopher, in the order of Socrates and Plato) was the tutor of Alexander The Great when he was young.
-He believed, all "natural" objects were constantly trying to get back where they belonged and the heavier and object was the faster it should fall.
-Natural (falling or rising with wind) and Violent Motions (pushing or pulling forces)
-Nicolaus Copernicus, formulated the idea of a "moving Earth", which questioned Aristotle and the church itself
-The first copy of his famous work "De Revolutionibus" reached him the day he died. (May 24, 1543)
-Galileo worked to discredit Aristotle and help prove Copernicus's idea (moving Earth).
-Galileo was born the year of Shakespeare's birth and Michelangelo's death
-He was the first to build a telescope and look closer at the night sky, first to see Jupiter's moons.
-He called his theory of the absence of force and an object continuing, Interia
- A Force is simply a push or pull.
Chapter 3-
-Motion is relative. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest.
-We are all currently moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun.
-Velocity is the speed and direction an object moves. Constant and Changing are types of velocity.
-Acceleration (or deacceleration) is how quickly the velocity of an object changes. When direction does not change the term Speed is used.
-Speed is how fast an object moves. The distance traveled per unit of time.
-Galileo is credited as the first ever to measure speed.
-Free Fall Motion is any motion under only the influence of Gravity itself.
-How far an object moves is altogether different from how fast it gets there. Galileo found that the distance an accelerating object travels is proportional to the "Square of Time".
- Vector Quantity is a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction.
Chapter 2: 1. Copernicus reasoned that the simplest way to account for the observed motions of the sun, moon, and plants through the sky was to assume that earth circle around the sun. 2. When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium. 3. When you weight yourself on a bathroom scale at rest, the support and the force of gravity pulling you down have the same magnitude. 4. we can test whether or not something is is in equilibrium by noting whether or not it undergoes changes in its state of motion. 5. if Copernicus were right about the earth moving, it would have moved at the speed of 107,000 kilometers per hour to circle the sun. 6. the earth is moving at 30 kilometers per second. 7. Things in motion stay in motion if no unbalance forces are acting upon them. 8. when you flip a coin in a high-speed airplane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest. 9. moving things require no force to keep moving if there are no opposing forces, such as friction. 10. every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by force impressed upon it such as the law of motion.
Chapter 3 1. Right now we are all moving at the speed of 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the sun. 2. when were sitting on a chair, our speed is zero relative to earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun. 3. to know your average speed you would do average speed equals total distances covered divided by time interval. 4. in contrast, quantities that require only magnitude for a description are called scalar quantities. 5. something that is in constant speed doesn't mean that speed slows down or speeds up. 6. if either speed or the direction changes then then the velocity changes. 7. the term acceleration applies to decrease as well as increase in velocity. 8. there are 3 controls that change velocity in a car: there's the gas pedal, the brakes, and the steering wheel. 9. things fall because of the force of gravity. 10. to know how far an object is falling you'd use velocity acquired equals acceleration multiply time.
Tania Gonzalez: Chapter 2: -One of the first to study motion seriously was Arisotle -Aristotel divided motion into two main classes: natural motion and violent motion. -Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down -violent motion resulted from pushing or pulling forces -It was Galileo who gave credence to the Copernican view of a moving earth -Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another did not fall twice as far -"if there is no interference with a moving object, it will keep moving in a straight line forever; no push, pull, or force of any kind is necessary" -Newtons law of inertia: Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. -Mechanical Equilibrium: The state of an object or system of objects for which there are no changes in motion. In accord with Newton's first law, if at rest, the state of rest persists. If moving, motion continues without change. -Equilibrium rule: For any object or system of objects in equilibrium, te sum of the forces acting equals zero.
Chapter 2 1. You cannot touch without being touched 2. Natural motion comes from the nature of an object 3. If any object not in its proper place it will "strive" to get there 4. Natural motion can either be straight up or straight down 5. Circular motion has no beginning or end 6. Aristotle believed in a fifth essence called quintessence 7. Lunar imperfections were due to the closeness of the moon and its contamination by the earth 8. Objects of various weights, when released at the same time, fell together and hit the ground at the same time 9. Balls rolling along a horizontal plane would neither speed up or slow down 10. The ball would come to a stop not because of its "nature" but because of friction
Chapter 3 1. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest 2. Something with constant speed doesn't speed up or slow down 3. Velocity is the speed and the direction of an object 4
Edgar Fuentes- 1) Aeristotle divided motion into two sections: Natural motion and Violent motion. 2) Natural motion depends on the combination of four elements (earth, water, air, and fire). 3) Violent motion is based on pushing or pulling forces. 4) Nicolaus Copernicus's theory was that the Earth circled the Sun. 5) Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another didn't fall twice as fast. 6) Galileo proved Aristotle wrong by experimenting with the mothin of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles. 7)When you step on a scale the upward support is as much as the downward gravitational force. 8)When you flip a coin in a high-speed plane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest. 9)EF=0, E stands for the vector sum of and F stand's for forces. 10)Newton refined Galileo's idea and made it his first law called law of inertia.
CHAPTER 2- - Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down. - Up-and-down motion, circular motion has no beginning or end. - Violent motion resulted from pushing or pulling forces. - Objects of various weights, when released at the same time, fall together and hit at the same time. - An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. - If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing in speed. - Changes in motion are produced by a force or combination of forces. - Equilibrium provides a reasoned way to view all things at rest. - When more than a single force acts on an object, its considered as the net force. - An object under the influence of only one force cannot be in equilibrium.
CHAPTER 3- - Motion is relative - Speed is the distance covered per unit of time. - Any combination of distance and time units is legitimate for measuring speed. - The speed in any instant is instantaneous speed. - Velocity is how fast and in what direction. - Total distance covered= average speed X time - Velocity is the speed and the direction of an object. - If either speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes. - Acceleration applies to decrease as well as to increase. - Distance traveled = 1/2 (acceleration X time X time)
1)Motion is relative. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest. 2)We are all moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun. 3)Motion has three concepts: speed, velocity, and acceleration. 4)Galileo defined speed as distance covered per unit of time. 5)A body undergoes acceleration when there is a change in its state of motion. 6)When your sitting in a chair, your speed is zero relative to Earth. 7)Speed is how fast something moves; the distance traveled per unit of volume. 8)Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion. 9)The greater the slope of the incline, the greater the acceleration of the ball. 10)A feather and a coin fall at equal accelerations in a vacuum.
Chapter 2 1)Aristotle divided motion into two classes: natural motion and violent motion. 2)Copernicus reasoned that the sun and other planets did not move around the earth but the earth moves around the sun. 3)Galileo was the first to provide conclusive proof through observation and experiment. 4)Galileo went to the University of Pisa where he studied in mathmatics and developed an interest in motion. 5)The law of Inertia states that every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion. 6)Net Force are the changes in motion are produced by a force of a combination of forces. 7)Newton studied at Cambridge University where later in life he became a professor. 8)When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium. 9)When you step on a bathroom scale two forces act on it, one is your downward push and the other is upward support from the floor. 10)Inertia is the property of things to resist changes in motion.
Chapter 3 1)Every thing moves even though it appears to be at rest.Like now as I type this post the earth is moving at 107,000 kilometers an hour. 2)Speed is defined as the distance cover per unit of time. 3)Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion. 4)Quantity in physics thay has both magnitude and direction. 5)Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes with time. 6)Free Fall is the motion under the influence of gravity only. 7)How far an object falls is altogether different form how fast it falls. 8)Constant Velocity means both a constant speed and a constant direction. 9)Changing Velocity is if either the speed or direction changes the velocity changes. 10)Much of the confusion that arises in analyzing the motion of falling objects.
4.We are all currently moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun. 5.Speed is defined as the distance cover per unit of time. 6.Acceleration applies to decrease as well as to increase. 7.when were sitting on a chair, our speed is zero relative to earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun. 8. the earth is moving at 30 kilometers per second 9.Things fall because of the force of gravity 10.An object falling from a high distance gets faster by ever second its in the air.
Erik servin Chapter 2 1. Aeristotle divided motion into two sections: Natural motion and Violent motion. 2. A force is to either push or pull an object. 3. Violent motion which resulted for pushing and pulling forces. 4. Natural motion is dependent on " nature" earth, water, air, and fire. 5. Circular motion has no beginning or end. 6.motion always involed a restive medium such as air or water. 7.A force can be electrical, magnetic, or a muscular effort. 8.Equilibrum allacting forces also balance to zero. 9.Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down. 10.Gavity and support are what make up equilibrium.
Chapter 2: 1. Aristotle believed their were two kids of motion, natural motion and violent motion. 2. Natural motion is dependent on " nature" earth, water, air, and fire. 3. Violent motion which resulted for pushing and pulling forces. 4. Copernicus believed that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun. 5. Galileo was the first scientist to provide refutation through observation and experimentation. 6. Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another would not fall twice as fast, but fell together and hit the ground at the same time. 7. Galileo stated that in the absence of a force, a moving object will continue moving. 8. Pounds and newtons are both units of weight and of force. 9. The equilibrium rule is the sum of forces acting equal zero. 10. The Earth is traveling 30 kilometers per second around the sun, but we are too and every object in Earth.
Chapter 3 1. Motion is relative; we describe the motion relative to something. 2. Galileo was the first to calculate speed by considering the distance covered and the time it takes. 3. Speed at an instant is instantaneous speed, like a car when is travelin say at 40 km/h and then he approaches a stop sign and his speed instantly drops. 4. We can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, its direction, or both. 5. Accelaration equals change in velocity divided by the time interval. 6. In a free fall, the falling object is free of all restrains and falls under the influence of gravity alone. 7. Free fall acceleration is equal to 10 meters per second each second, or 10m/s. 8. Distance traveled equals 1/2 ( acceleration x time squared ) 9. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity itself changes. 10. It took people nearly 2,000 years to reach clear understanding of motion.
Tania Gonzalez Chapter 3 -Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of time -Velocity is when we know both the speed and the direction of an object -If either the speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes -Acceleration is when velocity changes -When a falling object is free of all resistance, and falls under the influence of gravity alone, the object is in a state of free fall -A ball attains its maximum acceleration when the incline is tipped verticslly -Velocity aquired = acceleration x time -Galileo found that the distance a uniformly accelerating object travels is proportional to the square of the time therfore: distance traveled = 1/2(acceleration x time x time) -Vector quantity is a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction -What makes acceleration so comlex is that it is a rate of a rate.
Chapter 2 1.) Aristotle was one of the first to study motion. 2.) Violent motion is externally caused, meaning that they move not of themselves, not by their nature, but because of pushes or pulls. 3.) Galileo Galilei was looking at the sun through a tlescope which led to his blindness at the age of 74. 4.)An object under influence of only one force can not be equilibrium. 5.)When you push on a create is as great as the force of friction between the crate and the floor, and it slides at an unchanging speed due to the net force on the crate being 0. 6.)Earth is moving at 30 kilometers per secon. 7.) Things in motion removing motion if no unbalanced forces are acting upon them. 8.)A force is a push or a pull. 9.)Inerta is the property of objects to resist changes in motion. 10.)Newton was who developed the famous laws of motion, overthrowing aristotles ideas.
Chapter 3 1.)Everything moves relative to the sun and stars. 2.)we are all moving about 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the sun. 3.)The average speed is defined as average speed equal to the total distance covered divided by time interval. 4.) Whenwe know both the speed and direction of an object, we know its velocity. 5.)A vector quantantity is a quantity such as velocity that specifies direction as well as magnitude. 6.) Galileo was the developer of the concept of acceleration in his experiments on inalined planes. 7.) There is a greater accelerations for steeper inclines. 8.) All things fall due to the force of gravity which is why we dont fall off of earth. 9.)Vector quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction. 10.) The average speed equals total distance vovered divided by time.
Erik Servin 1. A vector quantantity is a quantity such as velocity that specifies. 2. All things fall due to the force of gravity which is why we dont fall off of earth. 3.Motion is relative; we describe the motion relative to something. 4. Things fall because of the force of gravity. 5.Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of time. 6.The average speed equals total distance vovered divided by time. 7. If either speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes. 8. We can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, its direction, or both. 9.free fall is only under the influence of gravity. 10.Aristotle was one of the first to study motion.
Kathleen Torres 1. galileo and the leaning tower: galileo,a scientist, gave credence to the copernican view of a moving earth. he made an experiment where he went to the top of the leaning tower of pisa and dropped objects of various weights. though one was heavier than the other, they both hit the ground at the same time and fell together at the same speed. 2. galileo inclined planes: galileo denied to aristotle's statement when he stated that there is no need of a push or pull to keep an object moving. he tested this hypothesis by experimenting with the motion of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles. he discovered that if the slope went downward the speed of the object would increase, if the slope went upward the speed of the object would decrease, and if there were no slope the speed would not change. 3. a book lying on a flat counter is in equilibrium. since it is in equilibrium there must be another force acting on the book to produce a net force of zero-an upward force opposite to the force of gravity. the table pushes up on the book with as much force as the downward force of gravity on the book. 4. we travel at 30 kilometers per second on earth because of its rotation. it is the speed of earth relative to the sun. 5. average speed is defined as total distance covered ***average speed = time interval if u want to find total distance covered you use ***total distance covered = average speed x time 6. we can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, by changing its direction, or by changing both its speed and its direction. how quickly velocity changes is acceleration: change in velocity ***acceleration = time interval 7. a ball rolling down a plane inclined at a certain angle might be found to pick up speed of 2 meters per second for each second it rolls. this gain per second is its acceleration. its instantaneous velocity at 1-second intervals, at this acceleration, is then 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and so forth, meters per second. 8. when a falling object is free of all restraints-no friction, with the air or otherwise-and falls under the influence of gravity alone, the object is in a state of free fall. during each second of fall, the object gains a speed of 10 meters per second. this gain per second is the acceleration. free-fall acceleration is approximately equal to 10 meters per second each second. ***velocity acquired = acceleration x time 9. galileo found that the distance a uniformly accelerating object travels is proportional to the square of the time. the distance traveled by a uniformly accelerating object starting from rest is ***distance traveled = 1/2( acceleration x time x time) 10. if the air in a tube is removed by a vacuum pump and the tube is quickly inverted, the feather and coin fall with the same acceleration.
1)Aristotle divided motion into two classes: natural motion and violent motion. 2.) Violent motion is externally caused, meaning that they move not of themselves, not by their nature, but because of pushes or pulls. 3)Violent motion results from pushing or pulling forces. 4)if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string. breaks 5)if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break. 6) Galileo proved Aristotle wrong by experimenting with the mothin of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles. 7)When you step on a scale the upward support is as much as the downward gravitational force. 8)When you flip a coin in a high-speed plane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest. 9. Mechanical equilibrium is when something is in zero. 10. When stepping on a scale two forces act upon it, one is you pushing downward on the scale and the other is upward support the force of the floor.
1.Copernicus first came up with the idea of a sun centered solar system
2.Galileo discovered that an object twice as heavy than another didnt fall twice as fast.
3.Galileo noted that balls rolling on downward sloping planes speed up. Balls rolling on upward sloping planes lose speed. And balls rolling on a horizontal plan neither speed up or slow down.
4.In the absence of friction or other opposing forces a horizontally moving object would continue moving indefinatly.
5.Inertia-the tendency to resist changes in motion
6.Law of inertia- Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.
7.Force- push or a pull, source can be gravitational, electrical, magnetic, or muscular.
8.Net force- more than a single force acts on an object.
9. Mechanical equilibrium- When the ner force on something is zero.
10. Equilibrium Rule- A resoned way to view all things at rest.
Chapter 3
1.Speed- The distance covered per unit of time Speed= Distance ---------- Time
2. Instantaneous Speed- The speed at any instance.
3. Average speed= Total distance covered ------------------------ Time interval
4. Constant velocity- Constant speed and constant direction
5. Acceleration= Change in velocity ------------------ Time interval
6. Acceleration (along a straight line) = Change in speed ------------------ Time interval
7. Free fall- When an object falls under the influence of gravity alone.(during each second of fall the object gains a speed of 10 meters per second.)
8. Vector Quantity- A velocity that specifies direction as well as magnitude.
9. An instantaneous velocity of an object falling from rest V=gt
10. How far an object falls is Distance traveled= one half (acceleration times time times time squared
Chapter 2 1. two objects with different weights fall at the same speed 2. law of inertia by Newton 3. there are two types of motion classes 4. if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string breaks 5. if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break 6. there are two types of forces (force and net force) 8. Newton was born premature 9. gravity and support are what make up equilibrium 10. there is friction in the equilibrium of moving things
Chapter 3: 1. speed can be measured in many ways 2. if you sit on a chair your speed is 0 relative to Earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun 3. speed is a scalar quantity 4. an object in free fall gains speed at 10 m/s 5. a feather and another object will fall at the same speed if there is no gravity 6. free fall is only under the influence of gravity 7. an airborne jumper is always in the air for less than a second 8. roller coasters have change of speed and or direction due to acceleration 9. in rapid deceleration the body will go forward 10. if you stay at a constant speed it's like as if you're moving
I am married to Dr. Brandi Lane I have one sone R.J. and another son due in febrary. His name will be Elijah Craig Lane. i grew up in Clovis, CA. I went to high school in Girard, KS. I went to colege at Coe College in Cedar Rapids, IA. I have taught in Corcoran for six years.
Post your ten interesting facts from chapter 2 and chapter 3 here!
ReplyDeleteValerie Rodriguez
ReplyDeleteChapter#2
1)Aristotle divided motion into 2 main classes(natural motion and violent motion)
2)Natural motion can be either straight up or straight down)
3)Violent motion results from pushing or pulling forces
4)Aristotle taught that all motions are due to the nature of the moving object
5)The absence of a force of a moving object will continue moving
6)The Property of objects to resist changes is inertia
7)If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its speed
8)A force is to either push or pull an object
9)A force can be electrical, magnetic, or a muscular effort
10)Net force is when more than a single force acts on an object
Claudia Camarena
ReplyDeleteChapter 2
1. two objects with different weights fall at the same speed
2. law of inertia by Newton
3. there are two types of motion classes
4. if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string
breaks
5. if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break
6. there are two types of forces (force and net force)
8. Newton was born premature
9. gravity and support are what make up equilibrium
10. there is friction in the equilibrium of moving things
Chapter 3:
1. speed can be measured in many ways
2. if you sit on a chair your speed is 0 relative to Earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun
3. speed is a scalar quantity
4. an object in free fall gains speed at 10 m/s
5. a feather and another object will fall at the same speed if there is no gravity
6. free fall is only under the influence of gravity
7. an airborne jumper is always in the air for less than a second
8. roller coasters have change of speed and or direction due to acceleration
9. in rapid deceleration the body will go forward
10. if you stay at a constant speed it's like as if you're moving
Jose Hernandez
ReplyDeleteTen interesting Facts - Chapter 2
1. Aristotle believed that physics revolved around the concepts of the four elements: earth, air, fire, water. Different rules would be applied to objects of different elemental composition.
2. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, theorized that the Earth revolved around the Sun. This contradicted the Church for many years but his idea was eventually accepted, well after his death.
3. Galileo Galilei, a scientist of the early seventeenth century, demolished Aristotle's falling-body hypothesis. Except for the small effect of air resistance, he found that objects of various heights, which released at the same time, fell together and hit the ground at the same time.
4. Galeleo stated that if there is no interference with a moving object, it will keep moving in a line forever.
5. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion.
6. Newton's first law is called the law of inertia. It states that every object continues in its state of rest of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
7. Net force is the combination of all forces that act on an object.
8. When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium.
9. A force due to gravity is the weight of an object.
10. The equilibrium rule states that for any object or system of objects in equilibrium, the sum of the forces acting equals zero. This means that the object is usually at rest.
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Ten Interesting Facts - Chapter 3
1. Speed is how fast something moves; the distance traveled per unit of volume
2. Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion.
3. a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction is the vector quantity.
4. The rate at which velocity changes with time is called acceleration. The change in velocity may be in magnitude, or direction, or both.
5. Free fall is motion under the sole influence of gravity and no other force.
6. A feather and a coin fall at equal accelerations in a vacuum. Since a vacuum has no air, there is no air resistance.
7. The weight of an object has no effect on how fast an object falls due to gravity.
8. Galileo developed the concept of acceleration in his experiments on inclined planes. He discovered that when the air resistance is small enough to be neglected, all objects fall with the same unchanging acceleration.
9. Motion is relative. This means that even if an object appears to be at rest, it is not always at rest. For example, the Earth moves about 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the Sun.
10. Instantaneous speed is the sped at any instant of motion. Average speed is defined as the total distance covered per time interval.
Chapter#3
ReplyDeleteValerie Rodriguez
1)Everything moves even things that appear to be at rest
2)Constant speed means steady speed
3)Constant velocity means both constant speed and constant direction
4)Acceleration applies to decreases and increases in velocity
5)when direction doesn't change, acceleration may be expressed as the rate at which speed changes
6)Many objects fall with unequal observations
7)Air resistance is responsible for different accelerations
8)vector quantity has both magnitude and direction
9)Free fall is motion under the influence of gravity(only)
10)Speed is how fast something moves(the distance traveled per unit of time
Johnny Barrera
ReplyDeleteChapters two and three.
Chapter one
1. Aristole divided motion into two main classes, natural motion and violent motion.
2. Wind imposes motion on boats.
3. In the renaissance time they thought that earth didnt move.
4. Copernicus had a theory that the earth does move.
5. A object that is twice as heavier does not hit the ground faster then the one with a normal weight, they hit at the same time.
6. When its less friction the more the object contains the same speed.
7. An object contains to do whatever its doing unless a force is brought out onto it.
8. Tension decreases as you get closer and closer.
9. Mechanical equilibrium is when something is in zero.
10. When stepping on a scale two forces act upon it, one is you pushing downward on the scale and the other is upward support the force of the floor.
Chapter three
1. A feather and car would fall at the same speed if there was no gravity.
2. Everything moves even if it appears to look at rest its still moving.
3. The average speed is equal to the total distance covered over the time interval.
4. Things fall because of the force of gravity.
5. An object falling from a high distance gets faster by ever second its in the air.
6. Acceleration is equal to the change of velocity over the time interval.
7. Something with a constant speed does not speed up or slow down.
8. If the steady speed of something is changed or turned the velocity changes.
9. Speed is equal to distance over the time.
10. Velocity acquired is equal to acceleration multiplied by the time.
Chapter 2-
ReplyDelete-Aristotle (Greek philosopher, in the order of Socrates and Plato) was the tutor of Alexander The Great when he was young.
-He believed, all "natural" objects were constantly trying to get back where they belonged and the heavier and object was the faster it should fall.
-Natural (falling or rising with wind) and Violent Motions (pushing or pulling forces)
-Nicolaus Copernicus, formulated the idea of a "moving Earth", which questioned Aristotle and the church itself
-The first copy of his famous work "De Revolutionibus" reached him the day he died. (May 24, 1543)
-Galileo worked to discredit Aristotle and help prove Copernicus's idea (moving Earth).
-Galileo was born the year of Shakespeare's birth and Michelangelo's death
-He was the first to build a telescope and look closer at the night sky, first to see Jupiter's moons.
-He called his theory of the absence of force and an object continuing, Interia
- A Force is simply a push or pull.
Chapter 3-
-Motion is relative. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest.
-We are all currently moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun.
-Velocity is the speed and direction an object moves. Constant and Changing are types of velocity.
-Acceleration (or deacceleration) is how quickly the velocity of an object changes. When direction does not change the term Speed is used.
-Speed is how fast an object moves. The distance traveled per unit of time.
-Galileo is credited as the first ever to measure speed.
-Free Fall Motion is any motion under only the influence of Gravity itself.
-How far an object moves is altogether different from how fast it gets there. Galileo found that the distance an accelerating object travels is proportional to the "Square of Time".
- Vector Quantity is a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction.
-Velocity Acquired = Acceleration X Time
Alyssa Mendez
Chapter 2:
ReplyDelete1. Copernicus reasoned that the simplest way to account for the observed motions of the sun, moon, and plants through the sky was to assume that earth circle around the sun. 2. When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium. 3. When you weight yourself on a bathroom scale at rest, the support and the force of gravity pulling you down have the same magnitude. 4. we can test whether or not something is is in equilibrium by noting whether or not it undergoes changes in its state of motion. 5. if Copernicus were right about the earth moving, it would have moved at the speed of 107,000 kilometers per hour to circle the sun. 6. the earth is moving at 30 kilometers per second. 7. Things in motion stay in motion if no unbalance forces are acting upon them. 8. when you flip a coin in a high-speed airplane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest. 9. moving things require no force to keep moving if there are no opposing forces, such as friction. 10. every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by force impressed upon it such as the law of motion.
Chapter 3
1. Right now we are all moving at the speed of 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the sun. 2. when were sitting on a chair, our speed is zero relative to earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun. 3. to know your average speed you would do average speed equals total distances covered divided by time interval. 4. in contrast, quantities that require only magnitude for a description are called scalar quantities. 5. something that is in constant speed doesn't mean that speed slows down or speeds up. 6. if either speed or the direction changes then then the velocity changes. 7. the term acceleration applies to decrease as well as increase in velocity. 8. there are 3 controls that change velocity in a car: there's the gas pedal, the brakes, and the steering wheel. 9. things fall because of the force of gravity. 10. to know how far an object is falling you'd use velocity acquired equals acceleration multiply time.
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ReplyDeleteTania Gonzalez:
ReplyDeleteChapter 2:
-One of the first to study motion seriously was Arisotle
-Aristotel divided motion into two main classes: natural motion and violent motion.
-Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down
-violent motion resulted from pushing or pulling forces
-It was Galileo who gave credence to the Copernican view of a moving earth
-Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another did not fall twice as far
-"if there is no interference with a moving object, it will keep moving in a straight line forever; no push, pull, or force of any kind is necessary"
-Newtons law of inertia: Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
-Mechanical Equilibrium: The state of an object or system of objects for which there are no changes in motion. In accord with Newton's first law, if at rest, the state of rest persists. If moving, motion continues without change.
-Equilibrium rule: For any object or system of objects in equilibrium, te sum of the forces acting equals zero.
Chapter 2
ReplyDelete1. You cannot touch without being touched
2. Natural motion comes from the nature of an object
3. If any object not in its proper place it will "strive" to get there
4. Natural motion can either be straight up or straight down
5. Circular motion has no beginning or end
6. Aristotle believed in a fifth essence called quintessence
7. Lunar imperfections were due to the closeness of the moon and its contamination by the earth
8. Objects of various weights, when released at the same time, fell together and hit the ground at the same time
9. Balls rolling along a horizontal plane would neither speed up or slow down
10. The ball would come to a stop not because of its "nature" but because of friction
Chapter 3
1. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest
2. Something with constant speed doesn't speed up or slow down
3. Velocity is the speed and the direction of an object
4
Edgar Fuentes-
ReplyDelete1) Aeristotle divided motion into two sections: Natural motion and Violent motion.
2) Natural motion depends on the combination of four elements (earth, water, air, and fire).
3) Violent motion is based on pushing or pulling forces.
4) Nicolaus Copernicus's theory was that the Earth circled the Sun.
5) Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another didn't fall twice as fast.
6) Galileo proved Aristotle wrong by experimenting with the mothin of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles.
7)When you step on a scale the upward support is as much as the downward gravitational force.
8)When you flip a coin in a high-speed plane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest.
9)EF=0, E stands for the vector sum of and F stand's for forces.
10)Newton refined Galileo's idea and made it his first law called law of inertia.
CHAPTER 2-
ReplyDelete- Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down.
- Up-and-down motion, circular motion has no beginning or end.
- Violent motion resulted from pushing or pulling forces.
- Objects of various weights, when released at the same time, fall together and hit at the same time.
- An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it.
- If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing in speed.
- Changes in motion are produced by a force or combination of forces.
- Equilibrium provides a reasoned way to view all things at rest.
- When more than a single force acts on an object, its considered as the net force.
- An object under the influence of only one force cannot be in equilibrium.
CHAPTER 3-
- Motion is relative
- Speed is the distance covered per unit of time.
- Any combination of distance and time units is legitimate for measuring speed.
- The speed in any instant is instantaneous speed.
- Velocity is how fast and in what direction.
- Total distance covered= average speed X time
- Velocity is the speed and the direction of an object.
- If either speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes.
- Acceleration applies to decrease as well as to increase.
- Distance traveled = 1/2 (acceleration X time X time)
1)Motion is relative. Everything moves even if it appears to be at rest.
ReplyDelete2)We are all moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun.
3)Motion has three concepts: speed, velocity, and acceleration.
4)Galileo defined speed as distance covered per unit of time.
5)A body undergoes acceleration when there is a change in its state of motion.
6)When your sitting in a chair, your speed is zero relative to Earth.
7)Speed is how fast something moves; the distance traveled per unit of volume.
8)Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion.
9)The greater the slope of the incline, the greater the acceleration of the ball.
10)A feather and a coin fall at equal accelerations in a vacuum.
Chapter 2
ReplyDelete1)Aristotle divided motion into two classes: natural motion and violent motion.
2)Copernicus reasoned that the sun and other planets did not move around the earth but the earth moves around the sun.
3)Galileo was the first to provide conclusive proof through observation and experiment.
4)Galileo went to the University of Pisa where he studied in mathmatics and developed an interest in motion.
5)The law of Inertia states that every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion.
6)Net Force are the changes in motion are produced by a force of a combination of forces.
7)Newton studied at Cambridge University where later in life he became a professor.
8)When the net force on something is zero, we say that something is in mechanical equilibrium.
9)When you step on a bathroom scale two forces act on it, one is your downward push and the other is upward support from the floor.
10)Inertia is the property of things to resist changes in motion.
Chapter 3
1)Every thing moves even though it appears to be at rest.Like now as I type this post the earth is moving at 107,000 kilometers an hour.
2)Speed is defined as the distance cover per unit of time.
3)Velocity is the speed of an object and a specification of its direction of motion.
4)Quantity in physics thay has both magnitude and direction.
5)Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes with time.
6)Free Fall is the motion under the influence of gravity only.
7)How far an object falls is altogether different form how fast it falls.
8)Constant Velocity means both a constant speed and a constant direction.
9)Changing Velocity is if either the speed or direction changes the velocity changes.
10)Much of the confusion that arises in analyzing the motion of falling objects.
4.We are all currently moving 107,000km per hour relative to the Sun.
ReplyDelete5.Speed is defined as the distance cover per unit of time.
6.Acceleration applies to decrease as well as to increase.
7.when were sitting on a chair, our speed is zero relative to earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun.
8. the earth is moving at 30 kilometers per second
9.Things fall because of the force of gravity
10.An object falling from a high distance gets faster by ever second its in the air.
Erik servin
ReplyDeleteChapter 2
1. Aeristotle divided motion into two sections: Natural motion and Violent motion.
2. A force is to either push or pull an object.
3. Violent motion which resulted for pushing and pulling forces.
4. Natural motion is dependent on " nature" earth, water, air, and fire.
5. Circular motion has no beginning or end.
6.motion always involed a restive medium such as air or water.
7.A force can be electrical, magnetic, or a muscular effort.
8.Equilibrum allacting forces also balance to zero.
9.Natural motion could be either straight up or straight down.
10.Gavity and support are what make up equilibrium.
Chapter 2:
ReplyDelete1. Aristotle believed their were two kids of motion, natural motion and violent motion.
2. Natural motion is dependent on " nature" earth, water, air, and fire.
3. Violent motion which resulted for pushing and pulling forces.
4. Copernicus believed that the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun.
5. Galileo was the first scientist to provide refutation through observation and experimentation.
6. Galileo found that a stone twice as heavy as another would not fall twice as fast, but fell together and hit the ground at the same time.
7. Galileo stated that in the absence of a force, a moving object will continue moving.
8. Pounds and newtons are both units of weight and of force.
9. The equilibrium rule is the sum of forces acting equal zero.
10. The Earth is traveling 30 kilometers per second around the sun, but we are too and every object in Earth.
Chapter 3
1. Motion is relative; we describe the motion relative to something.
2. Galileo was the first to calculate speed by considering the distance covered and the time it takes.
3. Speed at an instant is instantaneous speed, like a car when is travelin say at 40 km/h and then he approaches a stop sign and his speed instantly drops.
4. We can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, its direction, or both.
5. Accelaration equals change in velocity divided by the time interval.
6. In a free fall, the falling object is free of all restrains and falls under the influence of gravity alone.
7. Free fall acceleration is equal to 10 meters per second each second, or 10m/s.
8. Distance traveled equals 1/2 ( acceleration x time squared )
9. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity itself changes.
10. It took people nearly 2,000 years to reach clear understanding of motion.
Tania Gonzalez
ReplyDeleteChapter 3
-Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of time
-Velocity is when we know both the speed and the direction of an object
-If either the speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes
-Acceleration is when velocity changes
-When a falling object is free of all resistance, and falls under the influence of gravity alone, the object is in a state of free fall
-A ball attains its maximum acceleration when the incline is tipped verticslly
-Velocity aquired = acceleration x time
-Galileo found that the distance a uniformly accelerating object travels is proportional to the square of the time therfore:
distance traveled = 1/2(acceleration x time x time)
-Vector quantity is a quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction
-What makes acceleration so comlex is that it is a rate of a rate.
Francisco Alvarez
ReplyDeleteChapter 2
1.) Aristotle was one of the first to study motion.
2.) Violent motion is externally caused, meaning that they move not of themselves, not by their nature, but because of pushes or pulls.
3.) Galileo Galilei was looking at the sun through a tlescope which led to his blindness at the age of 74.
4.)An object under influence of only one force can not be equilibrium.
5.)When you push on a create is as great as the force of friction between the crate and the floor, and it slides at an unchanging speed due to the net force on the crate being 0.
6.)Earth is moving at 30 kilometers per secon.
7.) Things in motion removing motion if no unbalanced forces are acting upon them.
8.)A force is a push or a pull.
9.)Inerta is the property of objects to resist changes in motion.
10.)Newton was who developed the famous laws of motion, overthrowing aristotles ideas.
Chapter 3
1.)Everything moves relative to the sun and stars.
2.)we are all moving about 107,000 kilometers per hour relative to the sun.
3.)The average speed is defined as average speed equal to the total distance covered divided by time interval.
4.) Whenwe know both the speed and direction of an object, we know its velocity.
5.)A vector quantantity is a quantity such as velocity that specifies direction as well as magnitude.
6.) Galileo was the developer of the concept of acceleration in his experiments on inalined planes.
7.) There is a greater accelerations for steeper inclines.
8.) All things fall due to the force of gravity which is why we dont fall off of earth.
9.)Vector quantity in physics that has both magnitude and direction.
10.) The average speed equals total distance vovered divided by time.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteChapter 3
ReplyDeleteErik Servin
1. A vector quantantity is a quantity such as velocity that specifies.
2. All things fall due to the force of gravity which is why we dont fall off of earth.
3.Motion is relative; we describe the motion relative to something.
4. Things fall because of the force of gravity.
5.Galileo defined speed as the distance covered per unit of time.
6.The average speed equals total distance vovered divided by time.
7. If either speed or the direction changes then the velocity changes.
8. We can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, its direction, or both.
9.free fall is only under the influence of gravity.
10.Aristotle was one of the first to study motion.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteKathleen Torres
ReplyDelete1. galileo and the leaning tower: galileo,a scientist, gave credence to the copernican view of a moving earth. he made an experiment where he went to the top of the leaning tower of pisa and dropped objects of various weights. though one was heavier than the other, they both hit the ground at the same time and fell together at the same speed.
2. galileo inclined planes: galileo denied to aristotle's statement when he stated that there is no need of a push or pull to keep an object moving. he tested this hypothesis by experimenting with the motion of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles. he discovered that if the slope went downward the speed of the object would increase, if the slope went upward the speed of the object would decrease, and if there were no slope the speed would not change.
3. a book lying on a flat counter is in equilibrium. since it is in equilibrium there must be another force acting on the book to produce a net force of zero-an upward force opposite to the force of gravity. the table pushes up on the book with as much force as the downward force of gravity on the book.
4. we travel at 30 kilometers per second on earth because of its rotation. it is the speed of earth relative to the sun.
5. average speed is defined as
total distance covered
***average speed = time interval
if u want to find total distance covered you use
***total distance covered = average speed x time
6. we can change the velocity of something by changing its speed, by changing its direction, or by changing both its speed and its direction. how quickly velocity changes is acceleration:
change in velocity
***acceleration = time interval
7. a ball rolling down a plane inclined at a certain angle might be found to pick up speed of 2 meters per second for each second it rolls. this gain per second is its acceleration. its instantaneous velocity at 1-second intervals, at this acceleration, is then 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and so forth, meters per second.
8. when a falling object is free of all restraints-no friction, with the air or otherwise-and falls under the influence of gravity alone, the object is in a state of free fall. during each second of fall, the object gains a speed of 10 meters per second. this gain per second is the acceleration. free-fall acceleration is approximately equal to 10 meters per second each second.
***velocity acquired = acceleration x time
9. galileo found that the distance a uniformly accelerating object travels is proportional to the square of the time. the distance traveled by a uniformly accelerating object starting from rest is
***distance traveled = 1/2( acceleration x time x time)
10. if the air in a tube is removed by a vacuum pump and the tube is quickly inverted, the feather and coin fall with the same acceleration.
1)Aristotle divided motion into two classes: natural motion and violent motion.
ReplyDelete2.) Violent motion is externally caused, meaning that they move not of themselves, not by their nature, but because of pushes or pulls.
3)Violent motion results from pushing or pulling forces.
4)if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string.
breaks
5)if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break.
6) Galileo proved Aristotle wrong by experimenting with the mothin of various objects on plane surfaces tilted at various angles.
7)When you step on a scale the upward support is as much as the downward gravitational force.
8)When you flip a coin in a high-speed plane, it behaves as if the airplane were at rest.
9. Mechanical equilibrium is when something is in zero.
10. When stepping on a scale two forces act upon it, one is you pushing downward on the scale and the other is upward support the force of the floor.
1.Copernicus first came up with the idea of a sun centered solar system
ReplyDelete2.Galileo discovered that an object twice as heavy than another didnt fall twice as fast.
3.Galileo noted that balls rolling on downward sloping planes speed up. Balls rolling on upward sloping planes lose speed. And balls rolling on a horizontal plan neither speed up or slow down.
4.In the absence of friction or other opposing forces a horizontally moving object would continue moving indefinatly.
5.Inertia-the tendency to resist changes in motion
6.Law of inertia- Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it.
7.Force- push or a pull, source can be gravitational, electrical, magnetic, or muscular.
8.Net force- more than a single force acts on an object.
9. Mechanical equilibrium- When the ner force on something is zero.
10. Equilibrium Rule- A resoned way to view all things at rest.
Chapter 3
1.Speed- The distance covered per unit of time
Speed= Distance
----------
Time
2. Instantaneous Speed- The speed at any instance.
3. Average speed= Total distance covered
------------------------
Time interval
4. Constant velocity- Constant speed and constant direction
5. Acceleration= Change in velocity
------------------
Time interval
6. Acceleration (along a straight line)
= Change in speed
------------------
Time interval
7. Free fall- When an object falls under the influence of gravity alone.(during each second of fall the object gains a speed of 10 meters per second.)
8. Vector Quantity- A velocity that specifies direction as well as magnitude.
9. An instantaneous velocity of an object falling from rest
V=gt
10. How far an object falls is
Distance traveled= one half (acceleration times time times time squared
Manuel Lazaro
ReplyDeleteChapter 2
1. two objects with different weights fall at the same speed
2. law of inertia by Newton
3. there are two types of motion classes
4. if you pull a string of a massive ball slowly increasing the top string
breaks
5. if you suddenly increase the pulling of a massive ball the bottom string will break
6. there are two types of forces (force and net force)
8. Newton was born premature
9. gravity and support are what make up equilibrium
10. there is friction in the equilibrium of moving things
Chapter 3:
1. speed can be measured in many ways
2. if you sit on a chair your speed is 0 relative to Earth but 30 km/s relative to the sun
3. speed is a scalar quantity
4. an object in free fall gains speed at 10 m/s
5. a feather and another object will fall at the same speed if there is no gravity
6. free fall is only under the influence of gravity
7. an airborne jumper is always in the air for less than a second
8. roller coasters have change of speed and or direction due to acceleration
9. in rapid deceleration the body will go forward
10. if you stay at a constant speed it's like as if you're moving
graded to this point
ReplyDelete